ARTEMIS VS APOLLO

 

By Wes Oleszewski- Aero News Network Spaceflight Analyst

There is no way to avoid the phenomena of people comparing Artemis to Apollo. The simple fact is… Artemis is not Apollo.

That said there are some areas where both programs have similarity. First, both objectives are sending astronauts to the Moon. Secondly, the reentry profile of both spacecraft is very similar. Both projects used the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) to prepare and stack their launch vehicles and add the crew’s spacecraft. Additionally, both programs used the Crawler/Transporter to roll their booster to the launch pad along the world-famous river-rock lined crawler way at the Kennedy Space Center. Yet during Apollo’s lunar missions, only one flight launched from Complex 39B- that was Apollo 10. All Artemis missions will use pad 39B. The Artemis’ SLS launch vehicle rolls to the pad in the company of a large launch tower which in general appearance is remotely kin to the Apollo Launch Umbilical Tower. Both Apollo and Artemis launch vehicles are equipped with escape towers that can serve to pull their crew modules away during a launch emergency. The launch itself will be controlled from the same Launch Control Center building that sent Apollo on its way. So, it may appear that both programs are very much the same… at first glance.

Especially close to the Apollo profile is the reentry profile for Artemis flights. Like Apollo, Artemis lunar missions will do what is commonly called a skipping reentry. Something that the Soviets learned the hard way is that a spacecraft returning from the Moon has such a high velocity that when it hits the Earth’s atmosphere the G’s encountered will kill any animal, turtle or human in the vehicle. Apollo’s Command Module (CM), however, had an off-set center of gravity and during reentry it was rolled to use it to create lift. So, the CM would dig into the atmosphere and use that friction to scrub off energy. Then it would roll back and use lift to gain some altitude. Once it was slower, it would roll back and continue the reentry. It worked every time. The Artemis Orion spacecraft will do the same basic maneuver. This was tested on the un-crewed Artemis I and it worked. But the angle was a bit too steep and caused some damage to the heat shield. Although the crew cabin remained at 72 degrees in temperature and no toxic gasses leaked into the pressure cabin, Artemis II will use a slightly adjusted reentry for greater safety.

Artemis, however, is cleverly leveraging all the best of past Apollo and Shuttle programs. The buildings, crawler way and launch pad were all there waiting. What goes into those buildings, however, is electronics and ground support equipment that are far more advanced than anything used in Apollo.

All of the people who worked on Apollo have long since retired. Yet, in their place are technicians, engineers, flight controllers and pad rats with the very same spirit. Artemis is definitely not Apollo, but that program’s motivation is still there. NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman arrived and pooled together a team motivated with the same Apollo “Right Stuff.” Prior to hist taking charge Artemis missions were set to launch on a cadence that would have one flight about every three years. Both he and his staff found that to be lackluster and doomed to fail. In one of his first press conferences, he announced that NASA would be compressing the cadence to something closer to Apollo. That would sharpen the edge of ground staff and mission controllers.

“We’ve brought our history books with us…” Nasa Associate Administrator, Amit Kshatriya told the press.

Thus, Artemis I was similar to the Apollo 4 and 6 un-crewed tests. Artemis II is similar to the Apollo 7 and 8 crewed vehicle check-outs. Artemis III will be and earth orbital check out of the Orion spacecraft, and the lunar landing vehicle is a similar manner to Apollo 9. If all goes well, Artemis IV will attempt a polar lunar landing. Most of the hardware for all of these Artemis missions and many more beyond has already been produced and on-hand. Plus, the Congress has fully funded the program through at least Artemis VII.

Yet, one thing needs to be kept in mind. Unlike the Space Shuttle which was declared “operational” after its fourth flight, NASA is not under political pressure to try to make Artemis look like some sort of an airline. Spaceflight is an inherently dangerous activity and the best way to get people killed is for management to forget it is inherently dangerous. This is why I was pleased when Associate Administrator, Amit Kshatriya told the press,

“…40 years from Challenger, nobody sitting in these chairs needs to be calling any of these vehicles operational.”

Thus, in that way, Artemis is exactly like Apollo.

 

 

THE “SENATE LAUNCH SYSTEM” MYTH

 

By Wes Oleszewski- Aero News Network spaceflight analyst

NASA has launched astronauts aboard the Artemis II mission to the moon in 2026 as planned. The Artemin II mission was boosted by the Space Launch System, also known by the acronym the “SLS.” Interestingly this shuttle-derived launch vehicle has gone through a rough political history in order to get to this point.

The date was January 14, 2004, when President George W. Bush announced his, “Vision for Space Exploration.” This was just 11 months and two weeks after the loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia. His directive called for the retirement of the Space Shuttle as soon as the International Space Station was completed. Thereafter, NASA was to press on to the Moon and Mars. Considering that the Shuttle would be retired, in order to achieve the President’s vision, NASA needed a booster that could loft more than the Shuttle’s 65,000 pounds of payload. Yet, NASA was also constrained to a very limited budget. So, building a whole new heavy lift booster from scratch was out of the question. Instead, it was decided to create a heavy lift booster using hardware adapted from the Shuttle Program.

Very shortly a new program was devised by NASA to meet the goals of President Bush’s “vision.” The program was called “Constellation” and a part of it was a heavy lift booster whose first stage was comprised of Shuttle hardware. Early on it was called the “Ares IV” and consisted of an extended Shuttle external tank with five RS-25 Shuttle main engines clustered on the bottom and two up-graded Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRB) on each side. All of which made up the first stage. The second stage was a very vaporous concept which normally showed something between one and four Apollo-era style J-2 engines. Over time that second stage never managed to jell while other elements of Constellation constantly evolved. By about 2007 the heavy lift booster’s first stage settled in with two enlarged SRBs just four RS-25 engines and was renamed “Ares V.”

The Bush administration expired with the first month of 2009 and the Obama administration took power. Obama had started his bid to become president telling voters that if elected he would cancel all of NASA and “…give all of that money to education.” When it was discovered that he could not be elected without winning Florida, which had several thousand voters employed in the spaceflight business- he promptly switched his banter to saying that he now supported NASA. In his first budget, however, Obama simply provided no funds for NASA’s Constellation, or any other human spaceflight. Thus, all the nation’s plans for human space exploration would be deleted. Yet, the program still enjoyed wide support (about a 2 to 1 ratio) in both houses of Congress. Plus, considering that the nation had already spent more than eleven billion dollars on Constellation, the members of Congress were not going to let the nation’s spaceflight heritage simply be red-penned away.

Although the Obama administration continued to attempt to cancel NASA’s human spaceflight efforts, a series of Congressional bills were passed which blocked his administration’s efforts. Foremost in those Congressional orders was fulfillment of the need for a national heavy lift launch vehicle. From that effort NASA created the Space Launch System, or SLS. Nasa engineers then revived the basic form of the Ares V and turned it into a launch vehicle that could send astronauts to the Moon. The Trump administration revived the program and re-named it “Artemis.” That program sent a test version of the crew vehicle, known as Orion, to the Moon on November 26, 2022 and saw it return safely. On April 1, 2026, that same launch vehicle sent the first crew of astronauts since December of 1972, to the Moon.

Notice that nowhere in this history did the Senate design anything. There were no engineers sitting at design desks working with spaceflight or rocketry software and there never has been. That is NOT the job of the Congress. SLS was designed by NASA’s spaceflight contractors such as Boeing, Northrop Grumman, ULA and countless sub-contractors. To slur the vehicle by saying that SLS stands for “Senate Launch System” is not only a childish vilification but especially is a slap in the face to the honest engineers, managers and technicians who have struggled so long to bridge the eight-year long void created by the Obama administration. The Senate had nothing more to do with this vehicle other than approving and insuring funding- exactly as they do with every other major government program plus specifying that it must be a shuttle-derived vehicle. Thus, when term “Senate Launch System” is used anywhere, it is nothing more than a myth.

APOLLO 8: ALUMINUM FOIL AND A WIRE COAT-HANGER ANTENNA

         How many of you were around on December 23 of 1968 when what is happening today, April 6, 2026, happened for the first time? I was among the millions of people who watched it live. This excerpt is from my book, “Growing up with Spaceflight: Apollo Part One.” Please keep in mind that it was a very different world back then. There was no Internet, no NASA Live, no NASAspaceflight.com, and only three TV networks to follow the mission.

Patch I  bought at KSC Feb. 1973

Note: the price...

Our little house at 3324 Lexington Drive in Sheridan Park was packed full of relatives and neighbors. It was Christmas eve 1968 and my folks were hosting a party for our closest family friends. All of the adults were laughing, talking, eating, drinking and smoking. Mostly smoking.

Being an asthmatic, I always had a very low tolerance for smokers and smoking, but in 1968 most people smoked.

My parents had both just quit that foul habit primarily due to my new doctor, an allergy-specialist, and the first true no-nonsense person that I have ever met. Dr. Goodwin was said to have, “the bedside manner of a bull,” but he got his points across to me and my family. Upon my second visit, where he reviewed my medical tests with my parents and myself, he pointed his pen at me and said, “If you ever smoke you will die.” Then he turned to my Mom and Dad and said, “If you two want him to get any better and to grow up to have a normal life, you both have to quit smoking. Today!” So firm and deadly-serious was his manner that both of my parents gave up cigarettes on the spot— cold turkey. Dad later took up a pipe, but at least he gave up the coffin-nails. So it was that at our household Christmas party seven months later, at least my Mom and Dad were not a part of making the blue haze that hung heavy in our living-room.

Although the TV was on, you really could not hear it and there was no place for a kid to sit and watch it. Besides that the party “atmosphere” was akin to sitting in a smudge pot. In short order I disappeared into my parent’s room where the “old” family TV resided. Every network had the same lead story to broadcast. It was a historic adventure called “Apollo 8.”

Stuffing one of my Dad’s T-shirts under the door to keep out the local pollution, I turned on the old TV and let her tubes warm up. After a few seconds the familiar crackle of static electricity began as the cathode-ray picture tube slowly built up to its 30,000 volt, shadow-mask face potential. Soon the blue tinted black and white image began to fuzz into clarity. With haste I spun the channel selection dial to UHF and channel 25; CBS. That channel was where Walter Cronkite was hosting and it came in the best on the old TV- primarily because channel 25’s broadcast antenna was located about 1,202 feet from my parent’s bedroom. Of course the aluminum foil that my Dad had wrapped around the distorted, wire coat-hanger that served as the TV set’s UHF antenna may have helped too.

Cronkite was saying that they were expecting another live TV broadcast from the moon shortly. There was not a hint that he had been on the air almost continually since about four o’clock in the morning. Just the excitement in his voice told me that something historic was taking place and it had my total attention. I sat, alone, cross-legged, on the foot of my parents bed, in the darkness. The party commotion happening just up the hallway seemed so distant it was as if I was in the studio with Cronkite myself. Perhaps countless other viewers across America felt exactly the same way at that moment. Now, Cronkite told us, the crew was ready to do their final TV broadcast from the Moon. The CBS “simulation” showed a model of an Apollo CSM from the rear with the expanse of the slightly curved lunar surface just below. Soon the voices and cross-talk from Mission Control made it apparent that the TV show from the moon was about to begin.

NASA’s Public Affairs Officer (PAO) announced that we were one minute… and then two minutes into acquisition of signal with Apollo 8, and CAPCOM Ken Mattingly, who had recently changed shifts with Mike Collins, told the crew that all of their systems looked great. Then the PAO announced that they had a TV picture in Mission Control. Quickly the picture shifted from the simulation of the flight to the fuzzy, slow-scan TV images of the lunar surface. It actually looked like a fishbowl with the words “Live Transmission From Apollo 8” superimposed on it. After a few moments, CBS cut back to Cronkite as the crew moved the camera to another window. The picture turned to a view inside Mission Control as the crew started out by saying that this was Apollo 8 live from the Moon, as if we did not already know that. Next they all gave their final descriptions of the moon and their impressions of the place that no human had ever before visited.

"The moon is a different thing to each one of us." Borman led the narration, "I think that each one of… each one carries his own impressions of what… of what he's seen today. I know my own impression is that it's a vast, lonely, forbidding type of existence or expanse of nothing; it looks rather like clouds and clouds of pumice stone. And it certainly would not appear to be a very… inviting place to live or work. Jim, what have you thought about most?"

"Well, Frank," Lovell picked up the narration, "my thoughts are very similar; the vast loneliness up here of the moon is awe-inspiring, it makes you realize just what you have back there on earth. The earth from here is a grand oasis in the big vastness of space. Bill, what do you think?"

"I think," Anders continued, "the thing that impressed me the most was the lunar sunrises and sunsets. These, in particular, bring out the stark nature of the terrain, the long shadows really bring out the relief that is here (and) hard to see in this very bright surface that we’re going over right now. We are now coming onto Smyth's Sea, a small mare region covered with dark material. There's a fresh bright impact crater on the edge towards us. And mountain range on the other side. These mountains are the Pyrenees.”

About then the signals from the moon were disturbed and the crew’s show became abbreviated.

“Apollo 8,” CAPCOM interrupted quickly, “we’re not receiving picture now, over.”

Anders continued with his description as Houston repeated that they were not getting a picture. Suddenly the crew fixed the problem and I found myself looking through the rendezvous window, over the sill and out toward the Moon. All of my thoughts of presents and Christmas morning were suddenly muted. There were three guys up there circling the Moon, and I felt as if I were right there with them. Of course their view of the Moon was a great deal better than my blurred, washed-out black and white TV view. But still, it was THE Moon, and we were all there— all of us who were growing up with spaceflight.

From the din of the Christmas party voices out in my living room I heard a few quips of “Look at that!” as the same show that I was watching was playing on the TV out there. They, however, could not hear the words of the astronauts who were pointing out craters and evaluating the proposed site for the first lunar landing. Although, from my perspective, I was alone watching the event, it was later calculated that this broadcast was watched by more humans than any other single event in history to that date. Suddenly the crew stopped their lunar observations and said that they had a message to those of us on earth. They read from the Book of Genesis. It was a fantastic moment that added a shade of faith and humanity to the pure technology of the mission. It also got them sued by an atheist.

My parents ended their big Christmas party about an hour later with half-drunken and completely-drunken neighbors and relatives stumbling happily out into the bitter-cold mid-Michigan winter night. Fortunately, most of them lived nearby in our subdivision. The one who was the most intoxicated ended up face down in a snowdrift near our driveway and was able to be poured into the back seat of his car and driven home by his wife. Mom and Dad were left to clean up the house and prepare for Christmas morning. That, of course, meant putting us kids to bed. We all scrambled into our sleeping nests having been told that the sooner we went to sleep, the sooner Santa would come. That worked well on my younger sister and brother, but I found that my thoughts were centered more onto my 1/96 scale model Apollo CSM. I lay there in the dark holding it up as if passing over the lunar surface, or peeking into its small windows and looking at the little crewmen inside. I also studied the big Service Propulsion System engine bell. Cronkite had told us dozens of times that it had to fire in order for the crew to return to the Earth. Oddly, at the ripe old age of 11, unlike some adults, I had no doubt at all that it would work. I fell asleep with that level of innocent confidence.